Macbeth- Act 1 Journal for Lady Macbeth

Act 1 Journal Jabie H. (Scene 5) Journal of Lady Macbeth: After reading the letter Macbeth sent her. â€Å"Blue Jays play dumb and dumber, with and without Yunel Escobar: Perkins†. Toronto Star Thu Sep 20, 2012. Website.My dear Macbeth is now the thane of Cawdor and has been promised to be ‘the future king’ by the three witches, oh how wonderful this is! ‘Queen Lady Macbeth’ I can already feel the royal power. But wait I do worry if Macbeth really has what it takes to capture the crown, even if he has the ambition he does not have the guts to do things that are foul and get the crown. Macbeth is far too kind and naive to go out his ways, just like he was five years ago when he first confessed his love to me, I told him I needed more time, I knew he would come to good use of mine.I never had the eye for Macbeth but I knew I could get power if I married him, since his father was the thane of Glamis, I knew he would inherit the position when his father p asses away, but I am not good with patience, when there is a chance to get power I want it done as quickly as possible. When I heard the news that the thane of Glamis fell really ill, I agreed to marry Macbeth under one condition that he would poison his father and inherit the position as the thane of Glamis, and of course Macbeth was easy to convince, since he was madly in love with me.When it came to play the game of power, Macbeth plays dumb and dumber, it was time to give his father the poison, I was watching him that night as he was pouring the poisoned water in his father’s cup, that’s when I saw hesitation in his eyes and his eyes started to tear, I knew he couldn't do it and would tell his father the truth, so at that moment I had to decide quickly, and I decided to poison his father with or without him.I entered the room before Macbeth had the chance to speak and assured his father that Macbeth couldn't handle to see him at such ill state, and so I guided Macb eth out of the room and poisoned his father myself. Of course Macbeth wouldn't forgive me so I convinced him that his father would have died anyway, and this just made the process quicker. Making him the thane of Glamis was one thing, but making him the King is now my priority, the power and richness that comes with the title is far too great to miss, I am ready to murder the King if I have to, Macbeth might not agree, but I can do it with and without him.

Team Ground Rules and Guidelines

What are the general expectations for all members of the team?Sarah Dowling- It is our goal as a team to work collaboratively to ensure all members’ thoughts, ideas, and input are shared, discussed, considered, and incorporated into the learning team assignments and projects. It is people’s duty to be accountable for his or her individual portion of the project and to strive to do their personal best.As a group we will seek out opportunities within each other’s strengths to improve our quality of work and assist those team members who may struggle to do so. In the event disagreement occurs between cohorts in regards to any one idea, including but not limited to: substance, quality, or timeline of work submitted, team members will vote to decide if the individual/ idea will continue to work with the group or project. Each member must be committed to the team’s academic achievement and success.Expectations for Time Management and Involvement (Participation, communication with the team, accessibility, etc.)Sarah Dowling- Our team will communicate frequently via e-mail and phone, as well as before and after class. Team members agree to attend all meetings in  whichever method possible. All persons must complete their portion of the agreed upon work in a timely manner that shall be determined by the group as a whole.Ensuring Fair and Even Contribution and Collaboration What strategy will you use to ensure that all team members are contributing and collaborating appropriately? Describe the communication strategy you will use if a team member is not contributing and collaborating effectively.How will the team manage conflicts between team members?Sarah Dowling- Team members will arrive on time to meetings and agree to share input and progress with his or her individual portion of teamwork. An absent team member accepts the decision of the team regarding credit points recorded in the team log. It is each member’s responsibility to c ommunicate to the team their honest availability, knowledge, and capability of completing the group assignments. Strategies to resolve poor work quality include additional tutoring and workshops to be completed by individuals as needed to ensure high academic achievement as the goal of the group.Special Considerations What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from past team experiences?Sarah Dowling- By effectively communicating amongst each other and sharing ideas the team will be successful. A commitment to a timeline and a dedication to producing quality work will ensure that all team projects are executed with a high academic standard.

To What Extent Should We Trust Our Senses to Give Us the Truth

To what extent should we trust our senses to give us the truth? Most of the things we know are based on a life-long series of observations and experiments through our own senses. Without our senses, social interactions and critical thinking would be impossible, leaving us only with inexplicable emotions, a close state to nothingness. Despite its significance, however, our senses have limitations ranges from our dependency to language to our own biological limitations. Human beings are inherently provided with these inevitable limitations.We therefore, as well-educated individuals, must not completely trust our senses as it can easily be deceived. Our dependence on language distorts what our senses are truly getting. In a simple context of analyzing an art piece, for instance in the process of analyzing the nuance of the work, our interpretations of what we see tend to be bounded with the language that we know. Without the use of language, in this context, the art piece will remain ab stract in our mind. The emotions that we get from viewing the art piece, for example, can be described with adjectives.In a wider sense, language influences the way we think. I have encountered an experience where my short eyesight (I need glasses to see â€Å"normally†) gave a misleading account to an event. I was in an art convention center with my friend; the place was covered with a realistically structured fake plastic trees. It was part of the art works being exhibited. In the end of the expo I said to my friend, â€Å"Nice right! Such great pieces of art shown there! Especially the trees, how on earth can they grow it to form such structure†.My friend, whose vision is â€Å"normal†, told me that it the trees were forgeries. I wasn't using my glasses at the moment, If I was then I would've reacted differently. Biological capabilities limit what we are able to sense and perceive. There are still many factors such as spacial familiarity, past experience; our tendency to see or hear what we expect rather than what really happen; optical illusions or social and cultural conditioning that aren’t being discussed, but also a limitation of our senses.Although with the chance of getting false knowledge, what important is that we develop critical thinking skills to distinguish between good and bad reasoning. Examining our own perspectives, using our own senses perhaps, and comparing them to those of others and to see what we learn from it is what important rather than abstaining from the pursuit of knowledge due to the limitations of our senses.

Medical Interview GA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Interview GA - Assignment Example P. Andrew told that "the germs contaminating hospital environment affects the hospitalized patients and cause Noscomial infections. It is very critical situation, which occur due to the poor sanitary practices and management of medical and paramedical staff within the hospitals, nursing homes or clinics during therapy of the patients† (4). ETIOLOGY: There are many types of Nosocomial infections. Some important are including Urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, Respiratory tract infections, Blood stream infections, Skin infections, gastrointestinal tract infections and Central nervous system infections (3). The common pathogenic agents of nosocomial infections include pathogenic and commensal bacteria of normal flora, Viruses of Hepatitis B and C, respiratory Synctial Virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses , fungi and other opportunistic organisms which are Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptosporidium (2). PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE: Nosocomial infections prevail widely all over the world. It is the major cause of death in hospitalized patients (2). Only in the United States, there were 2,000,000 cases of nosocomial infections has reported annually (3). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Nosocomial infections come from endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources include body sites inhabited by microorganisms such as naso-pharynx, Gastro-intestinal or genitor-urinary tracts. Exogenous sources include those visitors, medical personnel, equipment and the healthcare environment (1). PROGNOSIS: In United States annual reported cases of nosocomial infections are about 2,000,000. The annual death rate among these reported cases is 20,000 patients while rest of the nosocomial infections cases found curable (3). TREATMENT: For the symptomatic nosocomial infections, treatment of shock, hypoventilation, and other complications should be provided along with the administration of empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal and

SLP 2 HRM - 403 CULTURAL TRAINING FOR EXPATRIATES OR DO I KISS THE Essay

SLP 2 HRM - 403 CULTURAL TRAINING FOR EXPATRIATES OR DO I KISS THE MINISTER OF COMMERCE, BOW OR SHAKE HER HAND - Essay Example Coca Cola Company has the mandate to train their employees on the culture of communication on their clients so as to propagate the profitability of the company. Normally, most Indians prefer to communicate bad news in an indirect manner. (Rao, 2009) If not keenly scruitinizes, their yes could imply no and vice versa. This is especially true when communicating with a superior or with a client. Expats unfamiliar with indirect communication will often misunderstand their Indian counterparts by failing to read between the lines. The company has endeavored in providing quality information to meet the customer’s needs. Asking open-ended questions, inquiring into the potential problems of a proposal, and actively listening for subtle clues are a few tactics which go a long way in avoiding miscommunication. (Rosi, 2010) Coca Cola Company is a structured company that has different levels of management ranging from the top which has the directors and the C.E.O, the middle level consisting of the H.O.D and the lower level which constitutes of the workers. The company has power distance which involves 13 levels to the production workers. This formal structure has made the workers not to have that close relationship with the top level management. Most of the top managers are much respected. The company has conducted trainings in relation with the Indian culture on how to relate with each other so as to enhance harmony and relationships. This training is an important asset to the company for it enhances the relationship with the customers and therefore the profitability of the company increases. (Anonymous, 2009) The coca cola company is a global company and their policies on employees’ relationship have been harmonized despite the many cultural diversity. However the issue of employees’ relationship is determined by the country. Since the employees of India have a believe in future orientation the company

Champagne and its Origins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Champagne and its Origins - Essay Example Champagne was produced in order to be served to only noble and royal people all throughout the 17th to the 19th century and only after this period did it begin to circulate around the world and be used by other sections of society as well. Gradually, more and more people began consuming champagne; the middle classes thrived and tried to move themselves to the upper sections of society, and the use of champagne helped them achieve a similar status. With the help of better packaging and advertising, the drink began to reach a wider market or more number of people and was used at parties, festivities and any other kind of celebratory events by different kinds of people. From even before the 5th century began, it was found that Romans had planted a number of vineyards in and around the Champagne region of France, leading to the production of a vast variety of grapes which later came into use for the purpose of fermentation and formation of alcohol. A number of these vineyards were grown in churches as the wine was used for religious purposes too. The climate in this northern region was also suitable for viticulture or study and production of grapes and made a difference to the kind of wine that was being produced. The people in the southern regions of France soon also started to develop and undertake the production of grapes for the purpose of producing wine and champagne however the results they achieved brought about a difference in colour and taste due to the difference in temperatures. The oldest existing proof of the production of champagne, from grapes and wine, dates back to the famous ‘Blanquette De Limoux’. This was made in the year 1531 by Benedictine Monks in the Abbey of Saint Hilaire near Carcassonne. After this, many methods were applied in the process of fermentation and famous people like Dom Perignon produced some of the finest champagnes introduced to the world. The creation of champagne is a scientific process which was perfected by physicists’ world over; fermentation was perfected by adding sugar and other substances in order to make the champagne taste sweeter. Dom Perignon also made a few inventions like the making of the muselet for the purpose of holding the cork to create pressure in fermentation on the drink and thus perfect it further. It was also only bottled after the process of fermentation was completely over, just like the proper rural method to create it. Well within the 19th century, the production of champagne broke into the figures of millions of bottled being produced all over the world each year. Champagne production requires at best at least one and a half years getting a good bottle of the sparkling wine. Methode Champenoise is known as one of the most traditional methods of obtaining and producing champagne. First, fermentation is allowed to take place within the bottle. This is the process where a catalyst acts upon the grape solution and converts it into an alcoholic beverage for the purpose of consumption. It is said that the amount of fermentation that takes place makes an effect on the drink; an older and more fermented drink is said to have better taste and structure than anything fairly newer. A second round of fermentation takes place within the bottle with an addition of substances like some grams of yeast and rock sugar after which a long time is required for the flavour to pull and settle inside the bottle. It

Security Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Security Program - Case Study Example The organization under analysis is the New York public library. In this organization, security issues are taken into account as the library gather and keep personal data of users and their personal information. The New York public library consists of several branches and departments; it has regional branches and has more than 43,975,362 items. The library computerized its lending services in order to improve customer service and improve its routine work. The security program is aimed to protect users from unauthorized access to their information and protect library from attacks. Beyond that, however, all staff-especially those who deal with personal data regularly-need to be aware of what they are allowed to do, what they are not allowed to do, what security procedures they are expected to follow, and whom to ask if they are in any doubt. There must be policies spelling out what is expected, opportunities for staff to know what those policies are and what procedures are required to implement them, and regular checks on whether the policies and procedures are being followed (Data Security and Protection 2008). The security program was implemented 5 years ago. It is supposed that the biggest risk to security is almost always staff. The damage they do can be deliberate-stealing information about people, such as business contacts they want to use for their own purposes, for example, or trashing the database out of frustration on being demoted. More often it is un-thinking or inadvertent-giving information over the telephone to someone who shouldn't have it, leaving confidential files on their kitchen table for a neighbour to see when they are working at home, or chatting in the canteen about a user's borrowing habits where other people can overhear. Even with external threats, the accepted wisdom is that anyone trying to gain access is more likely to succeed by tricking staff into giving away vital information than by hacking straight into computer (Data Security and Protection 2008). The first line of defense is therefore to ensure that staff are aware of the possibilities and operate withi n a culture where information, and especially personal data, is handled carefully and responsibly. To support them, employees should take measures that make it as easy as possible for them to do the right thing. At the same time employees should not be over-anxious. Security measures must be appropriate to the threat, not 100% perfect every time. (Even government security agencies have been known to lose vital information held on laptop computers.) The kind of things the responsible person at the departmental level should be looking at include (Baschab et al 2007; The New York Public Library 2008). In the New York public library, one area that often gives rise to concern is e-mail. Although the dangers can be exaggerated, it is important to be aware that e-mail is inherently insecure. E-mails themselves may constitute personal data if the addressee is identifiable. More importantly, if e-mail is used for sending personal data to other people, some thought should be given as to whether it should be encrypted. A special attention is given to the information department of a charity. A new computer system is introduced for holding details of telephone enquiries, which

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons Essay

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons - Essay Example The instrument used to measure this form of X ray scattering is called a TOF chopper spectrometers. Inelastic scattering essentially involves the interaction between neutron and phonons and the exchange of energy and momentum that takes place. The Inelastic Neutron Scattering can be represented by the following double differential equation ( Loong Chun, 2006) Here, the scattering function S (Q, E) is directly related to the space-time correlation functions that exist between particles or the space-time constraints of the particle itself. Coherent Inelastic Scattering This involves addition of both energy and momentum. A coherent scattering experiment provides details about the frequency and space configurations of phonons. The phonons can be quantified as the vibrations of ions in their respective positions of equilibrium. The experiment manages in measuring the static and dynamic factors of both the core electrons and the electrons located in the outer periphery. These x ray diffrac tion experiments provide information regarding the behaviour of quantum liquids. The speed of sound in water which is function of its temperature can be ascertained using this experiment. Further density variations of fluids with temperature changes and the corresponding arrangements of ions structurally also form part of the inelastic scattering process. ... Further the Born-Von Karman analysis provides relationship between force constants and the dispersions. (Loong Chun, 2006) Dispersion curves thus plotted using this relation provide information regarding the phonon density. This is critical in measuring thermodynamic specifics like vibration entropy and specific heat of materials.( Loong Chun, 2006) The INS Instrument-Crystal Mono-chromators and Choppers The INS instrument is capable of performing very precise measurements and calculating S (Q, E) to its absolute units. It is very critical to calculate the total energy interaction that occurs when scattering takes place. An energy filter placed at a certain collimated solid angle is used to allow these low energy scattered neutrons to pass through it. (Veenendaal M van et al, 2010) This utilizes two methods to assess the process. One involves a direct geometry which utilizes a combination of fixed incident energy and variable scattered energies. The other uses inverse geometry combin ing variable incident energy and fixed scattered energy. The coherent inelastic x ray spectrometer uses a mono-chromator of high energy that is utilized as the source. The analyzer is formed by a curved Si crystal. A nested crystal that is formed by a combination of Si (4 4 0)-(15 11 3) forms the mono-chromator. A Diced Silicon crystal of bending radius 6m with a combination of (18 6 0) forms the analyzer. The energy resolution obtained in this exercise is 2meV while the momentum transferred is 5A-1. The energy of the photons that are used to impact initially is in the range of 21.657 keV. (Loong Chun, 2006) Source: Phonon dispersion measurements in Berrylium along (0 0 ?) direction for the longitudinal phonons for ? values indicated for each spectrum,

Article Reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Article Reviews - Essay Example Tablets, smart-phones, notebooks and other accessories will experience significant growth in the U.S. market over the next year. The global market for consumer electronics is predicted to rise close to $210 billion and experience 3 percent growth. This sharp economic growth bucks the trend against a sluggish economy; however, this consumer demand for mobile devices will continue to grow for years to come. Only 16 percent of U.S. households have a tablet, so there is plenty of room to grow. In terms of the product life cycle, consumer electronics can be said to still be in the growth stage because sales are still climbing. The maturity stage looks a long way off at present because the rate of sales growth for mobile devices does not look like slowing down anytime soon. The largest Italian insurance company, Assicurazioni Generali, has bought a 49 percent stake in a joint venture known as GPH. Generali, which brokered the deal with the help of the European equity firm PPF Group, will pay 2 and a half billion Euros for the deal to go through. The deal will happen gradually, with Generali paying 1.29 billion Euros by March for a 25 percent stake in the joint venture, and then Generali will pay the remaining balance to acquire another 24 percent by the end of next year. With economic uncertainty still present in Central and Eastern Europe, this deal will reduce the risk of Generali entering those markets. As a result of the deal being announced, Generalis share price rose by 1.25 percent, as investors look to shore up their investment in the company. Marketers need to be open to a range of ideas so that a firm does not miss out on market opportunities. Marketing strategies need to be linked with the objectives of an organization so that marketing campaigns can be well-perceived by the target market. In order to make a brand stand out from a saturated market, a brand needs to be able to offer some form of differentiation that makes a customer

Literature and Social Reality Essay Example for Free

Literature and Social Reality Essay In this paper I will discuss and analyze the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shape literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I will describe the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I will explain how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period, how immigration and industrialization contributed to the influences. I will illustrate using examples from some of the greatest authors of the period. Immigration and Industrialization The United States’ population grew quickly in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Baym (2008) et al. write that there were 38. million people in 1870 and had grown to 92 million in 1910. This growth resulted mostly from immigration. People came from countries all over the world but predominantly from European and Asian nations. Immigration was also the major cause for urbanization in the United States according to Baym et al. (2008) with a dramatic proportional shift from a mostly rural population to a larger city population. Simultaneously with this mass immigration industrialization was happening creating an abundance of factory jobs and building immense wealth for some while also creating dramatic divides in society. Baym et al. (2008) describe the situation: â€Å"Long-settled white Americans faced newly arrived white people across divides of power, income, and privilege – worker against owner, farm against city, immigrant against native-born, leading to suspicion and social turbulence on a scale that the nation had not seen† (p. 3). The consequences were labor struggles resulting from terrible working conditions. Immigration brought an abundance of workers resulting in low wages as well as â€Å"inhumane and dangerous working conditions† (Baym et al. 2008, p. ). Conflict also arose from farmers being pushed off their land by the railroads and competition between native-born citizens and immigrants. There was also increased suspicion and resentment between the social classes likely based on fear of losing their â€Å"part of the cake† for the upper and middle classes, whereas the lower class was resentful because of how they were treated. Major Literary Movements The major literary movements during this period were realism and naturalism emerging after a long period of idealism and romanticism. Realism shifted literature to a way of describe life as it actually is instead of trying to present an idealized or romantic image. It was an objective style that offered detached perspectives on the everyday lives of the middle-class, working-class and the poor. This style worked well for describing the struggles of the period. Baym et al. (2008) describe W. D. Howells as the â€Å"chief American advocate† of realism (p. 6). Mark Twain, Henry James, Edith Wharton, and others also joined in this movement as well as some distinguished African American writers such as W. E.  B Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett (Baym et al. , 2008). The nature of Naturalism has been debated as being the opposite of realism or as â€Å"extension or intensification of realism† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 7). Naturalism usually describes more extreme settings and circumstances than realism and focuses on harsher conditions and poorer characters. Baym et al. (2008) suggest that while characters in realistic works often overcome difficulties, in naturalistic pieces the characters never stand a chance. It is a much more pessimistic literary style than realism. Crane, Dreiser, London, and Norris are described by Baym et al. (2008) as the leading American naturalistic writers of the period. How Realism and Naturalism Influenced Literature Realism had an immense influence on the literature during this period. Mark Twain was one of the major authors and his â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is an excellent example of his style, which became regarded as a leading piece for the â€Å"American style† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 6). Twain used colloquial speech and his writing style puts the reader in the position of participant, almost as if in a dialogue with Huck. It is a very intimate and informal way of writing. Huckleberry Finn is uneducated and sees the world through the lens of his own experience as well as the social circumstances and mores of the time. In chapter 23 of â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† Huck ponders about Jim, his African American companion on his adventure: â€Å"He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn’t ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks do for their’n. It don’t seem natural, but I reckon it is so† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 204). This passage realistically illustrates the view of a young boy at the time who only knows the world through the social context of his time and place, which included slavery and a very derogatory view of African Americans. Twain was very critical and pessimistic about humankind and his writing often reflected this. However with Huck Finn he appears to be attempting to show that even an uneducated young boy in the 1840s could be open-minded and open-hearted enough to see that people are equals. Henry James writes about â€Å"Daisy Miller,† a young American woman who is a new kind of modern girl. She does not appear to care about the established rules and mores of the time and is both bold and naive in her demeanor. Baym et al. (2008) write that James shows his nature as â€Å"a true cosmopolitan concerned with exploring American national character as it is tested by cultural displacement† (p. 317). James is painting a picture of the old and established strict rules of social class and position and how they become a hindrance in forming true connection between people. The established upper- and middle-class look down on the lower class and the up-and-comers. The result is miscommunication, suspicion, and conflict. Jack London was one of the leading naturalist writers of his time. In his essay â€Å"What Life Means to me† he describes his own experience as a working class youngster who toiled in a variety of jobs until finally he had enough of heavy labor and became a vagrant for a while (Baym et al. , 2008). He describes how he found himself at the bottom of society and how in that place â€Å"life offered nothing but sordidness and wretchedness, both of the flesh and the spirit; for here flesh and spirit were alike starved and tormented† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 582). He was keenly aware of the inequalities and injustice that industrialization had brought for the working class. He writes that he realizes that a laborer is finished and broken down at 45 or 50 while an intellectual, â€Å"a brain seller† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584) comes into his prime at that age or later. He decides to ducate himself to make a difference both for himself and for the working class dear to his heart. London eventually encountered and the Socialist movement and describes in joyful terms finding â€Å"warm faith in then human, glowing idealism, sweetness of unselfishness, renunciation, and martyrdom – all the splendid, stinging things of the spirit† (Baym et al. , 2008, p. 584). He was a masterful naturalist writer describing in exquisite detail and with a detached, scientific narrative how the man slowly succumbs to the cold and freezes to death in his short story â€Å"To Build a Fire. Clearly his own experiences in Alaska had provided him with great fodder for this kind of story. Conclusion In this paper I discussed and analyzed the social forces of immigration and industrialization that shaped literature during the period of 1865 to 1912. I described the major literary movements of the period. Additionally I explained how Realism and Naturalism influenced the literature of the period and illustrated with examples from some of the greatest writers of that time.

Usefulness of structural approaches in understanding society

Usefulness of structural approaches in understanding society In this essay, we shall be discussing the 3 main structural approaches in society; Functionalism, Marxism and Feminism, and how useful they are in todays understanding of society. We shall look at the similarities and differences between each approach and critically assess them, by looking at the strengths and weaknesses for each. The key terms and concepts will be mentioned, as well as the key sociologists associated with each approach. The term sociology is defined in the dictionary as the study and classification of human societies. Overall, this is the study of people in different social groups, the way they behave, and how different parts of society influence peoples ideas and social behaviour. Belonging to a social group can affect how we see ourselves and how other people see us. Both of these factors can affect how our life works out. The main groups we tend to belong to are gender, class, ethnicity and age. The first approach we will be looking into is functionalism. This approach is a balanced, social equilibrium. A system in which there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts. The ruling class benefits in every way from the operation of society, they believe in meritoctracy which basically means that they believe that they deserve to have the most powerful positions. The workers get far less than they deserve, but they do not question this due to the way they have been socialised. People are the product of social influences on them. Functionlism is closely associated with Talcott Parsons who was a key sociologist in the 1940s. This approach still provides us with a useful framework for the study of sociology today. Parsons came up with the idea that society is like a human body. Each part of the body has a function to keep it alive and healthy, just like each part of society work together and depend on each other. People are socialised into key values of society such as respect for authority and importance of family life, the result of this is value consensus. Functionalism provides good links between social institutions, it is a simple and clear approach to understand, however it completely ignors the freedom of choice. People have different values and attitudes, as well as the unequal distribution of wealth and power in a capitalist society. A Marxism view on the otherhand views conflict and division as normal features of society. Marxism is based on social class dominant ideology, just like functionalism it is a macro structure which means it is based on a larger scale. Karl Marx was around in the 19th century, he believed that a capitalist society is divided into two groups. All of societys dominant ideologies worked to favour the first group the bourgeoisie (Those with power, the owners of production) against the second group the proletariat (The workers, those without power). Marx also thought the ideologies worked to keep the power balance constant and he called this societys status quo. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat is however unequal and as such based on conflict. The majority of the population accept the inequalities of the system because of the way that dominant institutions such as religion and educstion justify the economic and social situation. Marx describes them as suffering from false class consciousness due to the fact they are not aware of their real identity, they are exploited by the bourgeoisie. Marxism is a approach which suggests that we are brainwashed by ideology; you must respect authority, if you w ork hard you will do well, you must respect the rule of law. Lois Althusser (1971) was another marxism sociologist. He believed in ideological state apparatus which is basically another term for the agencies transmitting ruling class ideology such as schools and family. A good reason for the marxism approach is that it can account for large scale change, however there are many critisms such as it emphasised too much on conflict. People choose what to do and think and are not brainwashed by ideology. It could also be argued that capitalism has now improved peoples standards of living. The fact woman are now seen as being equal to men in the work place is one result of this. Marxist feminists argued that the ratio of woman to men was directly linked to their position within a capitalist society. Thus bringing us onto discuss our final approach, feminism. Feminism is a conflict between the sexes. It also takes a macro approach to studying society. Feminist sociologists argue that women do not have equal rights to men. There are four main tendencies within feminism; liberal, radical, marxist and black. Liberal feminists look for equilibrium with men and woman, they believe people should be treated fairly and given better paid jobs etc in accordance with theyre skills and effort and not due to what sex they are. Radical feminists believe that we live in a patriarchy society, which means woman are over powered by men. They believe that we no longer need men to procreate due to new technology available. Marxist feminists also believe in patriarchy, in a capatilist society, woman are neglected certain legal rights and therefore excluded from certain areas of work compared to men. Black feminism argue that white feminists ignore the position of a black woman as they have a double disadvantage due to racism and patriarchy. Famous feminism sociologists include Ann Oakley who in 1969 registered for a PHD on womens attitudes to housework, this subject pizzled the academic establishment at the time. She is best known for her work on sex and gender, housework, childbirth and feminist social science. Ann first became interested in feminism when she herself became a subject in the 1960s becoming a mother of two and realising herself how deeply undervalued and isolating womans work in the home can be. Ann believes that we still have ongoing sex equalilty issues today, woman still earn less and have less political power and do most of the worlds menial (but important) domestic work. She also has strong beliefs that gender issues in violence and crime cause huge social problems in todays society. Suggesting that most crimes of violence are committed by men.

Marital Rape And Violence In The Family Social Work Essay

Marital Rape And Violence In The Family Social Work Essay These effects have a negative bearing on children and mothers since they affect self-confidence and ability to meet life goals. Separation, substance abuse, mental disorders and divorce are effects which adversely affect childrens development stages (Johnson Ferraro, 2004). Abused children may replicate abuse as adults, which lengthen the violence cycle. This paper will discuss family violence in Canada including marital rape. Statistics which reveal extent of abuse will be disclosed and various dynamics of abuse discussed, including relevant laws. Since family violence is normalized, processes of normalizing the vice will be evaluated. Brief recommendations on how abuse can be discouraged will be discussed, with a summary given at the end. Statistics There are more than five hundred shelters for children and women in abusive households in Canada (Gannon, 2006). Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Manitoba have among the highest number of shelters. In 2007 over 40,000 cases of domestic violence were reported to law enforcers. This comprised over 11% of the overall crime in Canada, which is a significant proportion. In addition to this, over 80% of victims were female, which shows that wives bear the brunt of violence in households. In most cases, assault was reported in family violence, with stalking, criminal harassment and threats being other forms of abuse committed. In over 80% of abuse cases, people familiar to victims performed abuse. More than 40% of women are also reported to have experienced marital rape. Law enforcers were also blamed for abuse, with over fifty thousand cases involving youth and children being committed by them (Wallace, 2009). Amongst adults, law enforcers reportedly abused over 1900 people, with this representing a third of abuse cases amongst adults (Gannon, 2006). Generally, these statistics reveal that both law enforcers and the public are responsible for abuse. Children and women suffer the largest proportion of abuse, with this being performed by men they are in relationships with. Domestic abuse comprises over 10% of the overall crime committed which reveals the severity of the issue. It is imperative that abuse is analyzed in further detail and prevention measures developed to stem this rising crime. Canadian rape laws Initially, rape was regarded as an offense in common law. Common law is borrowed from England and it initially treated rape as abduction. It was regarded as an offense greater to fathers or husbands than to female victims. Marital rape was unheard of during this period and was not considered criminal. The society then, also marginalized women and their testimony alone could not prove evidence of rape. Their previous sexual conduct was heavily relied on in proving rape. However, this crime was unreported despite its rampancy. In 1983, weaknesses in existing laws led to changes which redefined nature and punishment for rape. There needed to be stricter punishment and higher convictions to encourage women to report rape. Changes included abolishing analysis of previous sexual history of victims, repealing of corroboration laws and redefining of rape to assault. Further legislation changes in 1992 outlined the shield on use of historical sex lives of victims in questioning their credibil ity. Reasons for domestic abuse Power and domination The quest for power contributes highly to cases of domestic violence. Some people need to dominate others to feel they have power. These people use oppression and abuse as tools to attain power. Physical abuse enables them to make victims powerless over them. Economic abuse ensures that victims are dependent and cannot escape abuse. Mental disorders, low esteem or stress may drive offenders who use violence to attain power. Such abuse may be reversed through medication and therapy with support from family (Babcock et. al., 2004). Drug abuse When people use drugs, they may be unaware of consequences of actions. They are unable to reason rationally and may resort to abuse. People who live with drug abusers suffer most from effects of drugs including increasing irritability, delusions, stress and other effects (Dutton, 2006). These may lead to domestic violence and can be treated through medication and therapeutic interventions. Socialization process Research reveals that children who undergo abuse when young may replicate the abuse as adults (Kitzmann et. al., 2003). Abused children have higher chances of practicing family violence as adults compared to those not abused. This is explained by the sociological theory where children practice things imparted on them during the sociological process. When they are abused, they may view it as part of socialization and they may commit the same to their families as adults. Normalization of family violence The widespread nature of family violence has created a perception of normalization, where violence against women is acceptable by society. Normalization of violence is seen in low reporting rates of violence at home. In Canada, over 50% of cases of violence in family settings are unreported, according to research. Since family violence is widespread, there are emerging trends where batterers are offered sympathy at the expense of victims. This trend began in the 1980s in US where intervention and support programs for batterers were created. These programs rationalize domestic violence and perceive batters as victims. The society is thus sympathetic to abusers and they become tolerable to certain degrees. In some cases, victims view themselves as having provoked abusers, hence rationalizing the crime. Since batterers are close family members, victims may also avoid reporting battery due to consequences on family units, especially if they are dependent on the batterer (Ellsberg et. al., 2001). Others fear societal perception of the abuse especially if it leads to divorce. They see it as shame and allow violence to be perpetuated against them. This gives the abuser leeway to commit abuse and normalization of abuse occurs as a result. Victims view it as normal and learn to live with violence. Weak laws governing violence also normalize violence since victims will not report abuse if there are few and light convictions. In addition to this, barriers to reporting, investigating and prosecuting abusers may lead to normalization of abuse. The laws governing rape in Canada in 1980s can illustrate this phenomenon. As was discussed, the society marginalized women, and their testimony alone could not prove evidence of rape. Their previous sexual conduct was also heavily relied on in proving rape. In addition to this, marital rape was unheard of. Weaknesses in such laws discouraged reporting of rape, and this normalized the crime. When changes were realized in 1983, reporting rates increased and rape cases decreased. Weaknesses and strengths of research sources There are different research used and these have diverse weaknesses and strengths. Most works used are journals and books which are scholarly in nature. Scholarly works are credible information sources since they are written by professionals in diverse fields. These works are sourced from the Internet, which is readily available and cheap, which is a strength of these sources. They also cover diverse topics and give various dimensions on topics discussed, which makes them accurate and credible. However, weaknesses include inability to corroborate information gathered due to difficulty in tracing the authors. This may create ambiguity or inaccuracy in research done. Duplication of error is another weakness which arises from use of inaccurate scholarly works. If works used are inaccurate, the research findings will be erroneous. Finally, these works may be outdated which makes research inaccurate. Conclusion Various aspects of family violence and marital rape have been evaluated. Marital rape and domestic violence is rampant, with 40,000 cases of domestic violence being reported to law Canadian enforcers in 2007. This comprised over 11% of the overall crime in Canada. Various reasons for violence including socialization process, power and domination and drug abuse have been advanced as reasons for abuse. However, there is no rational reason for commission of violence. Recent trends have also revealed normalization of violence in the current society. Weak laws, fear by victims and societal perceptions are to blame for normalization of abuse. This is dangerous for society as it encourages commission of crime. The statistical evidence also shows that law enforcers also practice abuse, and this is intolerable in society. This paper used scholarly works and books, and these are valid sources. The evidence provided is therefore accurate and several measures which discourage abuse should be tak en. Some of these will be discussed in recommendations provided below; Recommendations on reducing family violence Legislation Legislation plays a crucial role in acting as deterrent to crime. Many people cannot commit crime due to fear of repercussions. In tackling domestic abuse, a similar approach is effective since harsh repercussions will deter offenders. The Canadian parliament should develop harsher legislation to deal with marital rape and domestic abuse since it is a significant societal problem. This will reduce instances of abuse through long sentences to abusers. Rehabilitation Although Canada has over five hundred rehabilitation shelters for abuse victims, this figure is still inadequate (Taylor-Butts, 2007). More shelters for abuse victims should be constructed and stocked with necessary facilities and staff to help victims. This will enable victims to achieve their life potential through pursuance of individual dreams and goals. Public education According to Hamel and Nicholls (2007), education is very effective in reducing abuse. The public should be educated at individual, society and family levels on domestic abuse. Abuse signs and cooperation with law enforcers will help eradicate this vice. In addition, shelters for victims should be publicized to ensure victims seek justice. Education on abuse will prevent the normalization of abuse in families.

The Future of Computers :: Essays Papers Technology PC

The Future of Computers The computers of the future are expected to be smaller, faster and smarter. For the past 20 years, CPU performance has doubled about every 18 months. The PC will stay close to this pace for the next 10 years--a nearly 100-fold improvement in that time. The storage capacities of hard drives will continue to expand, they are currently growing at a rate of about 60 percent per year. Intel's Pentium II had only 7.5 million transistors. Within a few years, Intel processors should contain 50 million to 100 million transistors. In 5 years, computers will have 16 times the memory capacity they do now. "One big challenge is the time for the processor to acc-ess the memory. [One solution is that] the processor might be on the same chip as memo-ry. Every time you buy memory, you get a processor." Actual voice input will become a reality, but it may not be widely employed in offices because of privacy and environmental issues. Bill Gates predicts that within ten years, "every computer will have speech and linguistics built into it. Instead of typing or clicking, you'll tell your PC to launch this application or print that document. At the office, your e-mail message is just as likely to be a video clip. At home it probably means that your PC takes control of the lights, temperature, and appliances. When you have a prob-lem, software will look for conflicts, make sure drivers are up to date, when a fix is neces- sary, ask if you want to go online and get a patch. Later on, it will search for the medicine it needs with no intervention from you. Even later, software will watch what you are doing and step in when you're having trouble. In ten years there will be better input systems; handwriting, speech, visual recognition. As much as 90 percent of the operating-system co de will go to these new capabilities. Predictable hardware improvements and unpre-dictable software advances have been a signature of the personal computer industry, thisis simply supply and demand. Technologies That Will Change the World Digital Money-Disposable Money Cards, inspired by the success of prepaid phone cards. Web sites will be quick to accept the prepaid cards. Many items that have been free on the internet, such as downloads and plug-ins can be priced at fees of $1 or $2.

Spider man Essay -- essays research papers

We all have heard of Spider Man. He was the average teenager until he was bitten by a radioactive spider. I like Spider Man but I believe there are a lot of things missing in his movies. The police and government are portrayed poorly, as to assisting Spider Man or lack there of. Spider Man goes about doing his own thing, outside of the law. He is something we can all relate to and I believe that is why a lot of people like him. Most people would say they want to be like Spider Man because of his cool super human powers. I believe it would be a lot of hard work, dedication, and a lot of responsibility. Think about this, you would have two lives to live as a completely different person. You would have to keep up good grades, make some money to live on, support your family in one life, then save people, fight crime, and kill villains in the other life. It would be way to overwhelming for me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To fight crime, Peter needs a costume and a mask of some sort to hide his identity. He is a pretty good artist and draws his costume that he wants. Since Peter doesn’t have much money, he decides to make his own costume. My question is how Peter could possibly know how to make a spandex costume to fit him perfectly, and look awesome without any flaws? Just because he has super human powers doesn’t mean he can design and make a costume as perfect as his. I don’t think a lot of people take this into consideration. But if Peter had it made by a company of some sort, it would be fairly easy to trace and find who owns/ordered the costume. I think the creators knew about this, but didn’t know how to solve the problem so they just kind of skipped it. On the other hand, I like how the creators of Spider Man didn’t give him an endless budget, like Batman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bruce Wayne was a poor kid from a poor city. His family was killed and he decides to fight crime, similar to Spider Man. Only Batman, some how got extremely rich to own his own cave, custom Bat Mobile, and have some sweet gadgets. I don’t know a lot about Batman, but I know enough that money doesn’t grow on trees. Besides, even if he did get the money reasonably, there would be other flaws. For example, there is no way he built his car him self. He had to have had a body shop customize it. And if this were the case, it wouldn’t be too hard for Joker or someone to find out... ... his uncle would still be alive, and he would still have a best friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the movies Spider Man and Spider Man 2, Peter Parker struggles with his grades and jobs. I am currently in school, and have a part time job so I know that there is a lot of work to achieve. Peter Parker on the other hand, has my same situation, plus he has to try and save the entire City. I think that there is no way humanly possible to maintain good grades and keep his job when you have an alternate Super ego. You wouldn’t have the time to study unless you didn’t go to sleep and if you try and study and then sleep, you wouldn’t have enough time to save the city. It might work if you saved the city while you were studying, but multi tasking wouldn’t work very well while saving people’s lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Spider Man is a very unrealistic super hero. There is no way someone would put their family and friends in danger by being the city’s super hero. The police and government would surely have you arrested and/or killed for making unwarranted arrests. No matter how unrealistic Spider Man is, he is the most realistic of all the other heroes.

Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the Summer

New drivers may believe that driving an automobile is similar in every season, but experienced motorists are likely to know that winter and summer offer different pleasures and challenges. The most obvious daistinctions between the seasons are the temperature, precipitation and amount of daylight. Each of these variables can change driving conditions dramatically. Indeed, some drivers even refrain from driving in certain weather. Fortunately, both seasons do have advantages so drivers can enjoy the road if they respect the effects of different seasons. Summer heat is cause for caution. Drivers must beware of blinding sun and take care to use sunglasses or pull down visors. Hot, humid weather may also cause windshields to fog up. Using air conditioning to maintain comfortable environment for passengers and pets is also often sensible. Parents may also find melted crayons or plastic toys if the car is left in the heat too long. On the other hand, leaving the air conditioning on too long can even cause the car to overheat. Additionally, the temptation to take long drives may lead to driver fatigue. All of these potential hazards mean drivers should be careful driving in the summer. While summer heat can be difficult to cope with, winter weather including rain, dark skies and hail or snow storms are sure to challenge even the most experienced drivers. Drivers often experience limited visibility during precipitation or heavy fog, which requires them to slow down or even wait out the worst weather. Special equipment such as chains may be needed. Another difficulty is the potential for cars to freeze overnight. Drivers must also watch out for icy on roads that can cause skidding and accidents. Summer and winter can both cause dangerous conditions; however, there are opportunities to enjoy the open road in both seasons. Summer allows time for leisurely drives with high visibility, mild weather and to special destinations such as the beach. Roads that may be impassable in the winter are typically open in the summer as well so that drivers can enjoy unusual terrain. In contrast, while winter driving may be limited by less light and harsher weather, driving through a snowy landscape or holiday light displays are uniquely beautiful experiences. Further, winter driving is associated with Thanksgiving and Christmas gatherings that reunite families. It is clear that in rain or shine, there are risks and rewards to taking to the road.

Intro to Evidence Based Practice Nursing

Research is:Formal, rigorous process to discover new knowledge or validate/refine existing knowledge Gathering of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge Type of systematic activity (set of planned activities)Systematic process of investigation Formalized method(s) of obtaining information (data/knowledge) Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to develop new knowledge or validate/refine existing knowledge about issues related to nursing (e.g., provision of patient care; administration of nursing and health care services)Nursing Science: Body of knowledge unique to the discipline of nursingScientific method is an approach to gaining new knowledge from a systematic collection of empirical dataWhat is the importance of research in nursing?Nurses are responsible for assuming an active role in developing the body of nursing knowledge Nurses are expected to adopt an evidence-based practice (EPB) – defined as the use of best clinical evidence in maki ng patient care decisions EBP is EVERY nurse’s responsibility, whether you are a user (consumer) of nursing research by reading research reports to keep up-to-date or a nurse who designs and conducts researchEvidence Based PracticeEBP is a problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the conscientious use of best evidence in combination with a clinician’s expertise as well as patient preferences and values to make decisions about  the type of care that is provided. Resources must be considered in the decision-making process as well. Significance of EBPCollection, interpretation, and integration of valid, important, and applicable patient reported and research derived evidence Knowledge obtained from research evidence is transformed into clinical practice, culminating in nursing practice that it evidence-based Allows nurses to use the best research evidence in making clinical decisionsChapter Two – Fain TextbookResearch Process Selecting/ defin ing the problem Must be significant to nursing Add to body of existing knowledge Problem areas from practice Review of literature provides background, rationale, and justification for study Develop research questions/hypotheses Selecting a research design Overall plan or structure for planning to answer research questions and/or test hypotheses Identify methods for selecting the sample, testing, and measurement Methods Data collection Organizing data for analysis Data Analysis Analyzing and interpreting results; arriving at conclusion Utilizing the Research Sharing the findings with colleaguesTypes of researchQualitative data:information collected in a narrative form such as transcript of an unstructured interviewQuantitative data:organization and interpretation of narrative data with purpose of discovering important underlying themes, categories, patterns and relationships

12 Analyse Own Responsibilities For Promoting Essay

Analyse own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity. The Equality Act 2010 replaced and condensed over 100 pieces of anti-discrimination legislation, at its foundation it is unlawful to treat anyone less favourably on the grounds of his or her sexual orientation, disability, religion, sex, belief or age. As a trainer I should ensure that no student is discriminated against either directly or indirectly by fully understanding this act and how discrimination can arise. The following are protected characteristics and value diversity. Age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation The equality Act says you’ve been treated less fairly if you are a victim of Direct discrimination, Direct discrimination is when an individual has been treated differently and worse than someone else because of the above characteristics, for example if a hotel turned you away becau se you are gay this is direct discrimination. As well as direct discrimination there is indirect discrimination, this is not always as easy to spot. Indirect discrimination is when there’s a practice, policy or rule which applies to everyone in the same way, but it has a worse effect on some people than others. The Equality Act says it puts you at a particular disadvantage. For example a health club only accepts customers who are on the electoral register. This applies to all customers in the same way. But Gypsies and Travellers are less likely to be on the electoral register and therefore they’ll find it more difficult to join and this could be indirect discrimination. A workplace which values diversity is one in which all individuals in the workplace are treated in a fair and non-discriminatory manner. An initial step in achieving this goal is to establish a work environment where there is zero tolerance for any kind of harassment or discrimination and ongoing training is provided to help create a work environment that supports diversity and encourages the participation and retention of all. As a trainer it is my responsibility to ensure that anyone with any of the above protected characteristics or any characteristics not listed are not disadvantaged in any way either directly or indirectly as this is likely to be unlawful. This will be achiev e by ensuring that the environment is suitable for all, safe and that discrimination in any form will not be tolerated.

Introduction to Economics Exercise 1

INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS Exercise 1 1. What determines that a resource be scarce? Why is scarcity important in defining Economics as a science Resources are seen as being scarce, when the wants exceed the resources. The fundamental problem of economics relates to the choices made in the face of limited resources and unlimited wants. 2. Read your local newspaper and economic magazines. Explain the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. From your research, give three examples of microeconomic and macroeconomic issues.Microeconomics relates to the study of households and firms and the interaction between these different economic actors. Macroeconomics, however, relates to the study of the economy as a whole, and in particular problems pertaining to growth, unemployment and inflation. Examples of microeconomic issues: 1. price ceilings/floors 2. positive/negative externalities 3. elasticity Examples of macroeconomic issues: 1. inflation 2. unemployment 3. economic growth (GDP) 3. Regarding the concept of Opportunity Cost, comment how your opportunity cost of going to the movies may be affected when: a.You have a final exam the following day b. The University will be shut down for a month starting today c. The same movie will be shown on TV tomorrow a) increase b) decrease c) increase 4. Explain if the following statements are true or false, Explain your reply d. The opportunity cost of choosing a certain activity is equal to the sum of all the benefits of all the alternatives not chosen. e. Opportunity cost is a subjective measure a) False – the opportunity cost of choosing a certain activity is equal to the cost of the next best alternative forgone. ) True – opportunity cost relates to the individual, in that they must choose how to maximize their own utility/happiness, and opportunity cost can vary from individual to individual. 5. Under what conditions is it possible to expand the Production Possibility Frontier (If it is not possib le, explain your reply) The PPF can expand during periods of technological innovation or the discovery of new resources. Or through the process of trade. 6. a) England 2/6 = 1/3, USA 1/5 b) Wheat = England, Clothes = England c) England = Wheat, USA = Clothes ) England should produce wheat and USA clothes. Using the following table Hours of work needed to produce one unit | England| USA| Wheat| 2| 1| Clothes| 6| 5| | | | a. What is the opportunity cost of producing wheat in England and in the USA b. Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of wheat, and of clothes c. Which country has a comparative advantage in producing wheat and producing clothes d. Which country should specialize in the production of wheat? And of clothes? a. GRAPH b. GRAPH c. GRAPHThe Price is above market equilibrium: If the price exceeds the equilibrium price, a surplus occurs and there will be competition among the sellers and price will come down to the equilibrium point. This way the equilib rium is tried to maintain in each of the cases. d. GRAPH Price is below the market equilibrium: If the price is below the equilibrium a shortage occurs and there will be a competition among the buyers and the price will rise to the equilibrium level. This is also another way to restore the equilibrium though there are changes that are occurring in the market in the prices. . The inferior good demand will decrease when consumer income rises. These goods are affordable and adequately fulfill their purpose, but as more costly substitutes that offer more pleasure become available, the use of the inferior goods diminishes. f. A  complementary good  is a  good  with a negative  cross elasticity of demand. This means the demand for a good will decrease when the price of the complementary good is increased. g. If there is a rumor that price for this good will increase, demand will probably increase too. Consumers want to purchase the product before any increase.All the market will be affect; we will see an increase of demand for main and complementary goods. Shortage will probably appear and price will increase to search equilibrium. Rumor will be reality. 7. Using the following demand and supply table Price| Demand| Supply| 1. 25| 8| 28| 1. 00| 14| 24| 0. 75| 20| 20| 0. 50| 26| 16| 0. 25| 32| 12| a. Graph the demand curve and the supply curve b. Identify the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity c. Assume a price of 1. 00, Identify if there is shortage or surplus in the market and how the market forces behave to reinstate the equilibrium d.Now assume the price is 0. 50 and repeat the question above e. Now assume this is the market behavior for an inferior good, what would happen if the consumers income would increase from $ 25 to $ 32 a week f. Assume this markets complementary good? s price increases, what would happen in this market g. Assume there is a rumor that the price for this good will increases in the following days. How do expectations affec t this market? What will be the final outcome? For all the questions above you must support your answer with a graph. 8.Price elasticity of demand : (0,1)/(-0,2) = -1,5 The demand is elastic and sensitive to price changes. 9. Price elasticity of demand : ((0,38-0,5)/0,5) = -0,24 -24% ((26000-10000)/10000) = 1,6 160% (-0,24)/(1,6) = -0,15 The demand is elastic and sensitive to price changes. 10. a. Vodka: luxury good or superior good, making a vodka more expensive can increase its perceived value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down. b. Table Salt: necessity good, necessity goods are usually produced by a  public utility.We can't live without and won't likely cut back on even when times are tough c. Furniture: normal good, this does not necessarily refer to the quality of the good, but an abnormal good would clearly not be in demand, except for possibly lower socioeconomic groups. d. Perfume: luxury good or superior good, making a perfume more e xpensive can increase its perceived value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down. e. Beet: inferior good, we can replace beet by others foodstuffs more expensive, better quality or that give more pleasure like a meat. f.Sugar: necessity good, necessity goods are usually produced by a  public utility. We can't live without and won't likely cut back on even when times are tough. 11. Decision making is based on costs and benefits. That means you make purchases if the marginal benefits are greater than the price. Thus, when you decide to make a purchase, you are likely receiving something worth more to you than what you had to spend to buy it, or else you wouldn’t have bought it. That net benefit, minus the equilibrium price, is consumer surplus. 12. GRAPH b. With a price of 4$, Bert buys 2 bottles.His CS for 2 bottles: (7-4) + (5-4) = 3 + 1 = 4$ c. With a price of 2$, Bert buys 3 bottles. His CS for 3 bottles: (7-2) + (5-2) + (3-2) = 9$ 13. G RAPH A price ceiling occurs when the government puts a legal limit on how high the price of a product can be. In order for a price ceiling to be effective, it must be set below the natural market equilibrium. When a price ceiling is set, a shortage occurs. A price floor is the lowest legal price a commodity can be sold at. Price floors are used by the government to prevent prices from being too low.For a price floor to be effective, it must be set above the equilibrium price. 14. a. 4P – 80 = 100 – 2P 6P = 180 P = 30$ Q = 40 The equilibrium price is 30$ and the equilibrium quantity is 40 bushels b. GRAPH c. (0. 5) x (20) x (40) = 400 $ Consumer surplus (0. 5) x (10) x (40) = 200 $ Producer surplus 400 + 200 = 600 $ Surplus Equilibrium 15. f. The difference between marginal utility and total utility The marginal utility of a good or service is the gain or loss from an increase or decrease in the consumption of that good or service.All goods and services have their own m arginal utility. The total utility is the sum of all marginal utilities for a good or service. Total utility is the aggregate sum of satisfaction or benefit that an individual gains from consuming a given amount of goods or services. The more the person consumes, the larger his or her total utility will be. g. The principle of diminishing marginal utility Diminishing marginal utility is to use or consume a good or service with the most important or efficient utility for us.

Business Analysis Written Report (Fcebook company) Research Paper

Business Analysis Written Report (Fcebook company) - Research Paper Example One of the major issues that Facebook is undergoing is privacy, a survey that was conducted in 2010 listed Facebook among the bottom five when it came to matters of privacy. The issue was first noted in 2006 after Facebook introduced News Feed, which showed every change made by the user’s friends to their pages, it also introduced a service called Beacon that would allow users see products that had been purchased by their friends. After an outcry from the users, privacy controls were implemented which allowed them to control the content they wanted to appear in the News Feed section. In the year 2012, Facebook made losses of over 157 million dollars combined with an IPO that fizzled out due to technical hitches and high expectations, the company’s expenses have nearly tripled due to payroll expenses and stock-based compensation. Economic Factors The state of the economy might be negatively affecting the company’s revenue, as the cost of living appreciates; most p eople are forced to reduce on their spending and completely cot off unnecessary expenses. If the users are forced to be economical with their earnings, they might decide to reduce the amount of money they use on internet access charges their visits to the sites that they deem useful such as work or school related. In turn, Facebook might see a drop in their income as lesser people visit the site, which will in turn reduce the number of organizations that choose to advertise with the company. Sociocultural Factors One of the main objectives of Facebook was to bring people together as a social platform; it has successfully managed to do so seeing that it holds the largest number of users compared to any other social networking site. As people get busier, the community and families suffer because they no longer have the time to bond as it was in the earlier years but thanks to Facebook, members of a family or any other social group can keep in touch without being able to see each other physically. On the other side, certain sociocultural issues are affecting the company in a negative way, such as cyber bullying, cyber stalking and privacy. There is a rise in cases of people admitting to having been harassed via Facebook and suicide cases reported as a result, the users seem to be losing faith in the protection of privacy that Facebook accords them; this in turn leads to less site visits (Peterson 29). Global Factors Different global factors can influence the impact Facebook has in different regions, thereby determining whether the company is successful or not. Factors such as government regulation on the use of internet and banning of websites, as was the case in Syria, in 2007, when the government blocked Facebook to reduce online activism affect the company (Wilson, Kellerman and Corey 173). Other factors such as health issues come into play and might affect the revenue of the company as masses are being advised to spend less time on the internet, computer and other mobile device because of the health danger they pose. Technological Factors Technology is the medium that has brought forth the use of Facebook; it has made it one of the top 500 companies in the world and due to the increase use in technology, Facebook has become the most popular social networking site. On the other side, the growth in use of technology and devices such as mobile phones is becoming a threat to the financial prosperity of the company. The number of

Technology in our everyday life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology in our everyday life - Essay Example If someone from the last century, or even the fifties, were to be picked up and dropped smack in the middle of any modern city today, they would surely feel what a science fiction film viewer would, albeit a higher degree of shock. I think life today has become a hodge-podge of gadgetry and mad science. We use something fantastically gimmicky for nearly everything we do: we swipe our fingers over sleek slabs of glass and aluminum to communicate with each other; we laugh or smile or cry while we stare at luminous surfaces of yet more slates of cool metal; and, we gain access into buildings by speaking magic words into the air. This is exactly what it would seem like to someone who had never come across a touch-screen phone, a personal computing tablet or modern-day voice recognition technology. It is often seen that one type of technology, out of a freak chance, may behave erratically in the presence of other appliances. I would quote the example of mobile phone interference. Mobile c ommunication technology, while one of the greatest breakthroughs of science is considered dangerous and hence prohibited for use on aircraft or in gas stations! The mobile signals responsible for carrying voice and data may interfere with an aircraft’s sensitive navigational equipment and can cause a spark enough to ignite gasoline fumes. Furthermore, they must not be brought into close proximity with pacemakers and medical equipment.

How have transnational NGOs and social movements impacted countries Term Paper

How have transnational NGOs and social movements impacted countries that practice female circumcision - Term Paper Example According to the World Health Organization, approximately 140 million girls have been circumcised all over the globe, of which about 92 million are believed to be from Africa. (Female Genital Mutilation, World Health Organization, February 2012). The origin of female circumcision is not known for sure, however some scholars on the subject speculate that this practice has its origins in the time of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. This belief is corroborated by the fact that some ancient Egyptian female mummies were found to be circumcised. In today’s times female circumcision is commonly practiced in many parts of Africa. This practice is promoted in three ways by the people who propagate it. The Sunna type where the clitoris is excised, the clitoridectomy  type where the clitoris and minor labia are excised and the infibulations type where the whole clitoris and all the labia are cut off. (M. A. Dirie and G. Lindmark, 1992). The practice has however, been reinforced by Islami c tradition due to the belief that circumcising women dampens their sexual desire and leads to less promiscuous behavior generally. (Asaad M.B, 1980). Countries and cultures that advocate the practice believe that performing the procedure tunes down a woman’s libido. The opposition for female circumcision presents a strong case. ... According to the World Health Organization, female circumcision has no health benefits what so ever and is only a cause of damage. It is apparent with simple deduction that since the practice removes healthy female genital tissue for no medical reason; it will interfere with their normal bodily functions in addition to being the host of a bunch of diseases and infections. There can be instantaneous consequences like pain, shock, hemorrhage or tetanus etcetera or long term consequences which might include bladder and urinary tract infections, cysts, infertility and child birth complications etcetera (Female Genital Mutilation, World Health Organization, February 2012). However, debates regarding this issue are messy because of the cultural, religious, social and political connections to the issue of female circumcision on the side of the advocates of this procedure and thus, reaching a solution is a very complex course of action. The medical views on female circumcision are shrouded w ith confusion because they don’t understand the reason why people do it if it has such dangerous health implications. What needs to be done is that people should look at this practice through a cultural lens to understand its significance and why it means so much to the cultures and people who practice it. Firstly, they look upon this as a necessity according to what their beliefs have taught them. Second, this practice has different meanings for different cultures and people, third, although people who are against this practice to promote gender equality the women it is practiced upon don’t think of it as an infringement of their rights. Although this practice originated from the patriarchal society, it is women that have ensured that it keep being practiced to date.

Information Systems and Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Systems and Business - Essay Example In this background, this paper analyzes the questions where these researchers make significant compromises and who does the better job of operationalization in their research article. In their article, Hirschheim and Sabherwal make significant compromises when they deal with the issue of alignment between IS and the business strategies which has traditionally been a key issue facing IS management. Due to insufficient research being conducted on how such alignment is achieved and sustained over time, the authors find it difficult to conceptualize and operationalize their original variables. "Thus, our view of strategic alignment focuses on an organization's ongoing efforts to establish and maintain a series of interdependent relationships between business and IS strategies. These relationships involve the movement (i.e., change) of business strategy and/or IS strategy in such a way that the two are in alignment." (Hirschheim and Sabherwal, 2001, p. 87).

Contextualization of the Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Essay

Contextualization of the Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls - Essay Example In the aftermath of de Vaux’s excavations in the 1950’s up until the mid 1980’s, it has been commonly assumed that the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in the nearby caves constituted the library of a Jewish sectarian community (most probably of the Essene sect that lived at Qumran). However, despite such apparent consensus, we ought not to narrowly focus our interpretation of the Scrolls, its authors (for which most scholars seem to agree are the Essenes) and the Qumran site itself when it comes to a proper analysis of contextualizing all three. In light of recent scholarship, the traditional sectarian explanation of Qumran combined with a more nuanced approach may possibly reveal that the site had at least a dual purpose beyond that of a certain sectarian settlement and more specifically was a place for the development of communal activities, including the production or manufacture of pottery. Moreover, could it have been possible that the Essenes employed non-Essen es to do certain functions? To be certain, it has long been argued since de Vaux’s excavation reports, that when placed in a proper historical and archaeological context, the caves, the scrolls and the ruins are altogether interconnected.To shed some historical perspective, according to Davies, Brooke and Callaway, the basis for this interconnectivity was originally the texts themselves found in Cave 1 and their later interpretation by de Vaux’s team of excavators, the members of the Cave 4 editorial team and most other scholars

My Account of Second Language Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Account of Second Language Learning - Essay Example The course I undertook at King Khalid University for four years was a specialization in English. Much of skills on both pronunciation and writing at this level were acquired due to the interaction with a lot of people from various parts of the world who communicated mostly in English. Similarly, I put my own effort and did personal studies. I got employed as an English teacher in a primary school in Al Jubail Industrial City. This was a good opportunity for growth from the basic level with the primary school children, most of whom depended on visual aids for understanding. This being an industrial city, many inhabitants came from different parts of the world and would interact with the students outside of school. English being a common language among most of them, learning English among these students was not a major challenge. After a year, I moved on to teach adults from varied technical faculties in a technical college. It is here that I got the opportunities to improve my teachin g skills through the regular training sessions organized by the institution. Through this process of learning, there are two factors that greatly influenced my personal outcome; these are motivation and my learning strategies. Learning of the second language varies from one individual to another (Slevc & Miyake, 2006). One of the factors that influenced my proficiency in learning English as a second language is my motivation since my experience with my Bangladeshi teacher who could converse only in English.... One of the factors that influenced my proficiency in learning English as a second language is my motivation since my experience with my Bangladeshi teacher who could converse only in English. According to Csizer and Dornyei (2005), motivation refers to the desire for achievement of an ideal language through reduction of the variation between the actual and the ideal states. It encompasses the subject that provokes action in a person, the period that such a person is willing to sustain it and the effort put towards its pursuance. This could be instigated by the desire to later attain some reward which pushes the learner towards the attainment of the anticipated reward. In my case, the desire was in reducing the gap between the actual incompetence in English language and the ideal state of being proficient in the language so as to communicate well with my teacher. There was a desire in me to excel academically through achievement of English proficiency which made me proceed to even spe cialising in the language at university level. Dornyei (2002) also points out that there is a reward that sustains motivation. Some of the rewards that second language teachers could use include encouragement and applause for achievement, which in general push the inner self of the learner towards attainment of the set goals. Having observed the close ties that Saudi Arabia had with the Western world, it was obvious that English would be an advantage to me when interacting with the people from those nations even in learning institutions. The Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1942 and since then, English language has been taught among its citizens (Al Sadan, 2000). This language has been given a second priority after the

Personal ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal ethics - Essay Example Ethics is considered to be a set of standard rules that must be followed appropriately (Yahoo! Education Dictionary, 2009). In my personal opinion, ethics is the exercise of having the right behavior and doing the right thing at the proper time and the proper place. I regard ethics as the right behavior or attitude which must be displayed appropriately at the right time and right place because certain situations calls for various correct responses from the individuals concerned. Since it is important that everybody must known the set of standard rules which are required at any given setting; and should be able to adhere with said rules in order to establish better understanding and communication with people from a personal or professional level.Leadership entails many salient characteristics that a certain person must possess; being a good leader calls for having the ability to do what one sets out to do, together with the spirit to carry on until the planned task is accomplished (Gu tierrez et al, 2004). I regard this as the best meaning of leadership because a leader must be able to produce expected results by having the cooperation and loyalty of his or her followers. In gaining the cooperation and loyalty of others, the good and wise leader must possess the skill to direct and control the efforts of his or her followers. This will lead the entire team to move in one direction that will make collation of all necessary skills to produce positive outcomes. 3. Service Service pertains to being employed and having a certain load of duties or responsibilities to carry out daily with a particular company or organization (Yahoo! education Dictionary, 2009). This is the most suitable meaning of service to me, because generally speaking providing service means being employed or having been hired by a particular corporation or government entity. Hence, being employed involves the provision of service or work which is necessary for both the employee and employer to surv ive financially. Service contributes mainly to the income of the organization and the salary of the worker or employee. 4. Character The ideal definition of character in my opinion is the unique personal traits of a certain individual, which separates him or her from others. The characteristics of people vary because each and everyone have acquired different principles during their formative years. Environmental factors like school, friends and home affect the character or personality of people. Personality clashes often happen in any setting (like the office or workplace) due to character differences and various perceptions that people have. Pressing Ethical Issues Two of the most critical issues that majority of business organizations including their respective leaders face at present are whistle blowing and employee rights and duties. These two organizational concerns are often times met with skepticism and apprehension by top management and company personnel because they involve values that people adhere to; including the extent and limitations of company rules and regulations. Whistle Blowing Whistle blowing is the disclosure or revelation of any misconduct or law violations that usually occur within a given entity, private or government (Nadarejan, 2010). Whistle blowing in relation to the practice of democracy carries with it two vital features, which are: 1) the exposure of any legal wrong doings and misconducts; 2) necessitates â€Å"accountability of public bodies and private entities† (Nadarejan, 2010). It is important to understand that the general public needs to know if a breach of law or

My Choice Is Illinois State University Personal Statement

My Choice Is Illinois State University - Personal Statement Example In fact, the idea of getting out of school has crossed my mind. Unfortunately, not much had changed when I started college because of struggling with a degree in psychology. Honestly, I was not genuinely passionate about that endeavor and at the same time, I lacked the necessary skills in effective learning. Concurrently, despite the challenges, one’s love for my family and recognition for a desire to pursue a career in nursing prompted me to move on.  After reflecting on all of my mistakes, I realized that these experiences were instrumental in making me a strong, independent and passionate woman that I am today. Being a full-time mom, worker, and the student is hard and only after I quit my full-time job to fully devote one’s time for my family and my schooling, was I able to capitalize on my full potentials. There is this innate desire for a healthcare profession and realized that I enjoy assisting people in need. By providing patient care, there is a rewarding fee ling for being able to give my time for a good cause while gaining some knowledge about nursing care. I even volunteered at the hospital down the street from home once a week for a few hours to fulfill my desire for serving and learning. I began to study like I have never before, got a tutor in the spring semester of this year, and was able to learn some very valuable skills in studying. I plan not to let anything hinder me in receiving my nursing degree and I am a testimony to other students who are struggling in school, that with the right tools one can overcome weaknesses and succeed in the plans earmarked in life. My academic strengths are studying, time management, being focused, and learning the necessary skills required to support one’s field of endeavor. My GPA is only 3.15 but my nursing prerequisite GPA is 3.66.

Mars chocolate supply chain process Essay Example for Free

Mars chocolate supply chain process Essay The chocolate supply chain involves everyone who plays a part in producing chocolate,from local governments to international certification organizations and multi-national manufacturers. To achieve sucess, all of these players must collaborate effectively and prioritize farmer benefit at origin over competitive advantage. By putting farmers first and training them , Mars is aiming to strengthen its supply chain as a whole and to move towards a more sustainable cocoa economy. Most of the cocoa imported by MARS is grown by individual cocoa farmers and their families on plots smaller than five acres (two hectares) in rural parts of West Africa, Asia and the America. Local buyers in these countries collect cocoa beans from many farmers, either after harvest or after they have been dried or fermented. Exporters then buy cocoa beans from a network of the local buyers and prepare them for international shipping and processing to Mars factories . The exporter can be a local marketing company, a global commodity trader, an international agricultural business, a cocoa processor or a government In Africa, Mars has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ivorian government for long-term collaboration and investment in cocoa. It is also working closely with the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD), the Brazilian National Research Center (CEPLAC) and the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture to obtain better quality for chocolate manufacturing. Mars is the first global chocolate company to commit to sourcing all of their cocoa from certified sources by 2020. In 2011, they purchased 10% of their cocoa from certified sources, and in 2012 exceeded it to 20 percent and become the world’s largest user of certified cocoa. They currently buy cocoa certified by the Rainforest Alliance, UTZ Certified and Fairtrade. While consumer choices determine demand throughout the cocoa market, it is the manufacturer that meets this demand directly and so sets standards that affect the whole supply chain. Having such an influential role means manufacturers have a duty to ensure that the supply chain supporting their products operates in a responsible and sustainable way. Although Mars cannot have direct relationships with every individual farmer, by choosing to use certified cocoa in their products, the company aims to enable industry-wide improvements in productivity, incomes and sustainability. When the cocoa beans arrive at the factory they are processed into the cocoa products that can be used in manufacturing chocolate. These include cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder. Most processing occurs away from the countries where cocoa is grown because it is more efficient to process and manufacture the products close to where they will be consumed.. What happens during processing has a direct effect on the flavor and qualities of the resulting chocolate. The taste and texture of a particular chocolate product depends on the each recipie , which remains a guarded secret of the company. Mars uses different types and proportions of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and other ingredients such as milk and sugar to make their products consistent with the brand. They use a mix of beet and cane sugar in our chocolate and confectionery products and source most of it within the region in which it will be used. For several years, they have worked closely with direct suppliers to ensure our sugar is responsibly sourced, while maintaining the highest levels of quality . They need a consistent and high-quality supply of peanuts for some of our most popular products, including SNICKERSÂ ® and MM’SÂ ®. Jointly funding the U. S. Peanut Resources and Efficiency Measures Report conducted by the independent research firm IHS Global Insight, which found major potential improvements in farming practices among U. S. peanut farmers as they are its major suppliers . Dairy ingredients are a critical component of many of our milk chocolate and caramel brands . These are obtained by collaborating with other consumer brand companies and suppliers throughout the local markets that comply with the companys supplier code of conduct . The finished chocolate product is then packaged. The packaging is made in the factory usuing materials such as metal , paper and plastics which is purchased locally. Their strategy is to reduce, recycle and rethink our packaging. This is not easy, as alternative materials that appear more sustainable in one respect often have a greater impact elsewhere. They use lifecycle assessment to ensure that they do not make progress in one area, only to undermine it somewhere else . For packaging they also work with suppliers, universities, other industries and expert partners to share learning and innovation. In Australia, Wrigley committed to the National Packaging Covenant in 2005, and has signed the updated Australian Packaging Covenant . The finished product is via the company owned transport local distributors. The distributors can be individuals , a private enterprise or the government which transport the chocolate to local stores and marts and also to exporters of the finished products . As one of the leading food manufacturers in the world, Mars has a significant international presence in more than 73 countries.

Improving Car Chassis Stiffness

Improving Car Chassis Stiffness Introduction The purpose of the project is to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the existing car chassis, without disturbing the shape provided for engine mountings and drivers space and other constraints provided by the existing chassis model. Why is it so important to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of the chassis? In general to define chassis in this way, first a clear meaning of structure should be known. In general perspective a structure can be defined as a specific arrangement of material to resist loads. This structure should also enable to the location of the components such as engine mountings, transmission, fuel tank, suspension system etc. So it must resist loads without breaking, and without more deflection. If the chassis cannot resist loads it leads to a serious handling problems, and will not support the engine and transmission system, also the chassis should be light enough to maintain weight to power ratio and better handling in corners. 1.1 Background to project The principle loads that includes on the chassis are, by the engine, the aerodynamics, brakes, road irregularities, the inertia loads due to masses under accelerations and vibrations. Also the chassis must with stand impact loads, having absorbed part of crash energy by deformation which includes the bending, torsion, combined bending and torsion, also lateral and longitudinal loads. So the chassis structure should be strong in stiffness in design case rather than strength. The chassis and body developments should also reduce weight because it improves the vehicle ride, handling, improves the performance of car by reducing the drag because of high weight to power ratio, and also will reduce the need for power there by increases the fuel efficiency. Because of this now even mass produced passengers cars lightened up by the most detailed weight-watcher engineering techniques due to corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations of the federal government. Lighter vehicle requires less power, hence less fuel, for equal performance. History The demand for the chassis with high torsion stiffness and low weight had increased from the World War 2. This demand had led to the innovation of many kinds such as Space frame, stressed skin etc. These types had become universal among the European road race cars following its appearance in the Lotus MK and the Mercedes-Benz 300SL in 1952. These are the cars which used strictly space frame chassis and the attention they received had popularized the idea. Major automobile industries in present era are purchasing the competitive vehicles and disassembled them carefully to study the weight and stiffness of car for comparison with the equivalent part of their own vehicle. So this lead to a competitive reasons than for increase fuel economy. Today have been included to expand the following three reasons: A means for recognising opportunities for overall weight reduction for better fuel economy. The means for determining centre of gravity (CG) location and polar moment of inertia. Detail weight estimates provides target figure of cost estimates of all parts. To resist inertial loads under accelerations, accidents etc. Structural efficiency A designer can achieve enough stiffness for a chassis from any form of construction, if enough material is used. This is not the criteria of a designer, to assess the efficiency of structure its stiffness must be considered in relation to the weight. The below shows the absolute increase in stiffness achieved in recent years is the increase in stiffness to weight ratio. Vehicle year Torsional stiffness(lb-ft/degree) Structure weight (lb) Stiffness/weight ratio Lotus 21 F1 1961 700 82.0 8.5 Lotus 24 F1 1962 1,000 72 13.9 Mc Laren F1 1966 11,000 Na Na Lotus 79F1 1979 3,000 95 31.6 Lotus 79 F1 Late 1979 5,000 85 58.8 Lotus F1 1980 10,000 75 133.33 Lola F1 1993 30,000 80 375 Table1: Demand for increase in structural efficiency. Literature Review Introduction: The loads that are experienced on a chassis are light commercial loads due to normal running conditions are considered. That is caused as the vehicle transverses uneven ground as the driver performs various manoeuvres. Basically there are five load cases to consider. Bending case. Torsion case. Combined bending and torsion case. Lateral loading. Fore and aft loading. 2.1.1. Bending case This type of loading is caused due to the weight of components distributed along the frame of the vehicle in the vertical plane which causes the bending about y-axis. The bending case depends mainly on the weight of the major components in the car and the payload. First the static condition is considered by determining the load distribution along the vehicle. The axle reaction loads are obtained by resolving the forces and by taking the moments form the weights and positions of the components. 2.1.2. Torsion case The vehicle body is subjected to the moments applied at the axels centrelines by applying both upward and downward loads are at the each axle in this case. Because of this it results in a twisting action or torsion moment about x-axis of the vehicle. The condition of pure torsion does not exist on its own because of the vertical loads always exist due to gravity. However for the calculation purpose the pure torsion is assumed. The maximum torsion moments are based on loads at the lighter loaded axle, its value can be calculated by the wheel load on the lighter loaded axle multiplied by the wheel track. The loads at the wheels are shown in the above figure. So the torsion moment is given as: RF  tf =  RR  tr 2 2 Where tf  and tr  are front and rear track respectively and R  f  and Rr  are front and rear loads. These loads are based on the static reaction loads but dynamic factors in this case are typically 1.3 for road vehicles (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.3. Combined bending and torsion In practice the torsion will not exist without bending as gravitational forces are always present. So the two cases must be considered when representing a real situation. Fig3: combined bending and torsion. 2.1.4. Lateral loading This type of loading is experienced by the vehicle at the corner or when it slides against a Kerb, i.e. loads along the y-axis. The lateral loads are generated while cornering at the tyre to ground contact patches which are balanced by the centrifugal force MV2  / R, M stands for vehicle mass, V vehicle velocity , R is the radius of the corner. The disaster occurs when the wheel reactions on the inside of the turn drop to zero, that means that the vehicle ready to turn over. In this case vehicle will be subjected to bending in x-y plane. The condition that applies to the roll over is shown in the below figure and it also depends up on the height of the vehicle centre of gravity and the track. At this particular condition the resultant of the centrifugal force and the weight that passes along the outside wheels contact patch. And hence lateral acceleration is V2/R=gt/2h Lateral force at the centre of gravity MV2/R = Mgt/2h. Front tyre side forces YF  = Mgt b/2h(a+b). At the rear tyres YR  = Mgt a/ 2h(a+b). From the lateral acceleration it is clear that it is t/2h times that of the gravitational acceleration. Kerb bumping will cause high loads and will roll over in exceptional circumstances. And also this high loads will cause in the bending in the x-y plane are not critical as the width of the vehicle will provide the sufficient bending strength and stiffness. 2.1.5. Fore and aft loading At the time of acceleration and breaking longitudinal forces will come into picture along the x-axis. Traction and braking forces at the tyre to ground contact points are reacted by mass times acceleration inertia forces as shown in below figure. The important cases such as bending, torsion, bending and torsion will come into play as these determine the satisfactory structure (Pawlowski, 1964). 2.1.5.1 Longitudinal loading At the time of vehicle accelerates or decelerates, the inertia forces are generated. The loads generated can be transferred from one axle to another by the inertia forces as the centre of gravity of the vehicle is above the road surface. While accelerating the weight is transferred from front axle to the rear axle and vice versa at the time breaking and decelerating condition. To have a clear picture of forces acting on the body a height of the centres of gravity of all structures are required. And its not so easy to determine. A simplified model considering one inertia force generated at the vehicle centre of gravity can provide useful information about the local loading at the axle positions due to breaking and traction forces. Front wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RF = Mg(L-a) Mh(dV/dt) L Rear wheel drive, the reaction on the driving wheel is: RR = Mga + Mh(dV/dt) L In braking case the reactions on the axles are: RF = Mg(L-a) + Mh(dV/dt) L 2.1.6. Allowable stresses From the above discussed loads it is clear that it will induce stresses in all over the structure. So it is important that under the worst load conditions that the stresses induced into the structure are kept to acceptable limits. In consideration of the static loads of a limited amount should give a stress level certainly below the yield stress. If analysed the bending case for a road gong car is considered the maximum allowable stress should be limited as follows: Stress due to static load Ãâ€"Dynamic factor ≠¤ 2/3Ãâ€" yield stress. The above equation says that under any worst load condition the stress should not exceed 67% of the yield stress. Alternatively the safety factor against yield is 1.5 for the worst possible load condition. 2.1.7 Bending stiffness It is equally important to consider the bending stiffness weather to say the structure is sufficiently strong or not. So an equal and important assessment is given to the structural stiffness. Therefore many designers consider the stiffness is most important than strength. It is possible to design a structure which is sufficiently strong but yet unsatisfactory because of insufficient stiffness. Designing for acceptable stiffness is therefore often more critical than designing for sufficient strength. For vehicles the bending stress is determined by the limits of deflection of the side frame door apertures. In case of excessive deflection the doors will not shut properly. Local stiffness of floor is also important because it minimises the safety of the passenger. 2.1.8 Torsion stiffness If the stiffness is low the driver may feel that the vehicle in front will be shaking with the front wing structures moving up and down. The practical problems of doors failing to close properly will also be seen. A similar thing will be seen in the jacking points that are positioned at the corners of the vehicle. For fast moving cars the torsion stiffness is very important because it may cause serious handling problems. Therefore care should be taken in maintaining sufficient torsion stiffness. So from the all above dimensions of forces and handling of a vehicle chassis should be stiff enough and also should be less in weight. 2.1.9 Chassis types Chassis are classified into several types they are: Ladder frames. Cruciform frames. Torque tube back bone frame. Space frame. Monocoque. In the present era of automotive industry designers are using the space frame and monocoque for the justification of design problems and to sufficient structural stiffness. 2.1.9.1 Space frame A space frame chassis is a development of four tube chassis, both of them look quite similar. But the space frame differs in several key areas and offers very good advantages when compared to the predecessor. A space frame is an arrangement of many straight tubes in which the loads acting are either in tension or compression. The figure below shows the clear idea of a space frame. But from the above figure it is clear that the diagonal member is pulled in tension when a load is acted on it. This above illustration is the simple idea of the space frame chassis. This experiencing of loads in either tension or compression is a major advantage. So none of the tubes will be subjected to the load will tend to bend in the middle. Since the space frames are very good in torsion stiffness. The three dimensional space frame chassis are used for specialist cars such as sports racing cars. This type of vehicle design is used for low volume and mass production as well. In this type of structure it is imperative to ensure that all planes fully triangulated by doing so the beam elements are essentially loaded in tension and compression. In the space frame welded joints are done it retains bending and torsion at the joints, but to rely on this restrains will render the structure less stiff. The stiffness is provided by the diagonal member subject to direct tension or compression. 2.1.9.2 Space frame principles A space frame is three dimensional arrangements of tubes loaded in pure tension and compression. The joints between them can be replaced by the ball joints without affecting the stiffness. Other important feature is all loads enter and leave the structure at the points of intersection of three or more tubes. The structural elements do not have to be tubes and the joints do not have to be welded. In terms of torsional stiffness the space frame attempts to connect the four spring anchorages so that is impossible to twist the pair without stretching and compressing the tube. AIMS The first thing to undertake this research is to set some basic aims that need to be achieved. As the aim of the project is stated to reduce the weight and increase the stiffness of existing vehicle chassis. So the main aims are in terms of weight, stiffness, and size. 3.1. Weight Weight was a main consideration in the research it is very crucial to reduce it to that of original weight. It helps in improving the weight to power ratio, better fuel efficiency and performance. 3.2. Stiffness It is also another key factor to be considered in the research. The stiffness must be improved to that of existing one in case of torsion, bending. 3.3. Size Last but not the least, the above reduction in weight and increase in stiffness must be achieved without effecting the size and shape of the chassis. This is important because it should not affect the driver to get in the car, and appearance of the car. And also the constraints set for the positioning of the engine etc should not be changed. 3.4. Requirements Certain requirements beyond my research boundary and aims are needed to be specified, to make up and achieving success in my research they are: The elements in the space frame which should not disturb must be specified. The dimensions of the chassis, and the materials used must be specified. The specification of the loads on the chassis. The original weight of the chassis which is going to be modified. The stiffness that chassis must be in terms of torsion, bending. Project Objectives The objectives of the project are: To analyse the original chassis, its structure, weight, stiffness, torsion, and materials used. Research the characteristics of space frame chassis and discover the effects with respect to vehicle handling and performance in case of bending and torsion loads. The benefits and performance of materials when replaced by the original one in terms of weight and stiffness. The research should be done with resources available. From testing and changing the elements, dimensions other than the constraints in lab, modifying the improvements in chassis. Analysing the results to that of the original chassis and comparing. Research Questions What are the materials used for the chassis construction? What are positions in the chassis which should not be disturbed? What is maximum allowable weight, stiffness and loads that being subjected by the chassis? What will be effect on stiffness and weight if certain elements of the chassis were replaced by the other materials? If the diameter and size of the elements were changed what will be the effect on weight and stiffness? If the positions of the elements other than the elements which should not be disturbed, i.e. by mix and matching, replacing the positions. What will be the effect on stiffness and weight? If the circular tube cross-sectional elements of the chassis in some areas are replaced by square tube cross-sectional elements, what will be the effect on stiffness and weight? Research Approach and Design 6.1. Introduction The problem being researched is quantitative rather than qualitative. It deals in numerical values and variables, predetermined categories, focuses on specific knowledge and control of variables. The approach of this research is different to that of qualitative research which would involve human subjects, questionnaires and interviews. The approach will be analytical which will include experimental analysis, analysing the data, interpreting the results, comparisons etc. 6.2. Approach and design The research is about how to increase the stiffness and reduce the weight of existing vehicle chassis. The research is based on a lot of literature, experimental design and analysis. It should be well designed, planned and managed to ensure that the results can be analysed, interpreted and presented. Throughout the period of the research a process was followed to produce a successful report on the analysis done with that of the original chassis they are: Setting some benchmarks in regarding to the design of chassis. Analyse the previous chassis, and getting an idea in terms of stiffness, weight, shape. Developing the modelling, and analysing techniques that allows the process to be simple and can be modified easily. Gaining the information regarding the dimensions of the chassis from the designers and the areas in the chassis which should not be disturbed in terms of design. Looking for the possibility of the new considerations that were not previously included in the design. Considering the feedback of the supervisor as the process of the research goes on. 6.3. Experiment design It includes a statement of problem to be solved. Before going to do the research on the experimental design it is important to consider all points of view of what the experiment is intended to do. 6.3.1 Response variable The problem must include reference to at least on characteristic of a unit on which information is to be obtained. Those characteristics are called response or dependent variables. In this research the response variables are weight and stiffness, which are dependent on material, design, etc. In addition to reference of the response variable, some questions should be asked. They are measurements methods, what tools are required to measure the variable? Can variable can be measured accurately or not? 6.3.2 Independent variables The variables which control the response variables are called Independent variables. In this piece of work the independent variables are: Load on the space frame chassis. Material used for the chassis. Design of the chassis. Size and shape. The independent variables will be chosen randomly one at a time or by considering more than one independent variable. The response on the dependent are analysed and compared to that of original chassis. 6.3.3. Design Before the data is collected and results are drawn, it is important to know how to solve the problem with a limited amount of time and available resources. It is important to note how many observations should be taken, what is the maximum amount of deviation in terms of stiffness and weight in comparable to original one. Also attention is required in handling the independent variables. 6.3.4. Analysis comparison The final step in the experiment is to compare the results of the optimised chassis to that of the results on the original one, and approach the problem by checking and comparing the results. This will be done by the preparation of the graphical displays of the values in terms of weight and stiffness. Its important to make sure that the results are within the prescribed limits. If its not, follow the investigation again by controlling the independent variables. 6.4. FSAE chassis Rules and Requirements. There are some rules that must be followed throughout the design and construction of chassis. If these rules are not followed strictly the FSAE car will be eliminated from the competition. The rules that have to be followed are. Structural requirements. Minimum material requirements. Alternative tubing and material. Steel tubing requirements. Aluminium tubing requirements. Composite material requirements. Roll hoops requirements. Tube frames. 6.4.1 Structural requirements. The structure of the vehicle must include two roll hoops, front bulk head with support system and impact Attenuator, and side impact structures. 6.4.2 Minimum material requirements. 6.4.2.1 Baseline Steel Material. The structure of the car must be constructed with: Round, mild or alloy, steel tubing (minimum 0.1% carbon) of the minimum dimensions according to the following table. Item or Application Outside diameter Ãâ€" Wall thickness Main and Front hoops, Shoulder harness mounting bar. inch (25.4 mm) x 0.095 inch (2.4 mm) 25.0 mm x 2.50 mm metric Side Impact Structure, Front Bulkhead Roll Hoop Bracing, Drivers Restraint Harness attachment. inch (25.4mm) Ãâ€" 0.0065 inch (1.65mm) or 25.0mm Ãâ€" 1.75mm metric or 25.4mm Ãâ€"1.60mm metric. Front bulk head support. 1.0 inch (25.4mm) Ãâ€" 0.049 inch (1.25 mm) Or 25.0 mm Ãâ€"1.5 mm metric or 26.0mm Ãâ€" 1.2 mm metric. Table 6.4.2: Minimum material requirements. (Source: FAE rules 2008) 6.4.2.2 Alternative Tubing and Material The chassis can be constructed with alternative tubing and material but not for the Main Roll Hoop and Main Roll Hoop Bracing. These must be constructed only with the Steel, to say in other words the use of Composites and other materials such as Aluminium or alloys are strictly prohibited. If the chassis was to constructed with alternate tubing rather than material, the tubing must not be thinner than as shown below. 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Material and Application: Minimum wall thickness: Steel tubing for front and Main Roll Hoops 2.0 mm (0.079 inch) Steel tubing for Roll hoop Bracing, Front bulk head drivers harness attachment. 1.6 mm (0.063 inch) Steel tubing for side impact structure front bulk head support. 1.2 mm (0.047 inch) Table 6.4.2.2.1: Minimum wall thickness for steel tubing requirements Source: FSAE 2008 rules. 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements Minimum wall thickness: Material Application : Minimum wall thickness: Aluminium tubing 3.0 mm (0.118 inch) Table 6.4.2.3: Aluminium tubing requirements. (Source: FSAE 2008 rules). 6.4.3. Roll Hoops The Roll hoop design criteria must justify the following: 6.4.3.1. Main Hoop The drivers head and hands must not contact the ground in any rollover attitude. The frame must include both Main Hoop and Front Hoops The Main Hoop must be constructed of single uncut tubing made of steel as per the minimum tubing requirements. The use alternate material is prohibited for construction of main hoop. The main hoop must extend from the lowest member on one side of the frame, to the down towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the frame. In the side of the car the portion of the attachment of the Main Roll Hoop which lies above the attachment point of the main structure of the frame must be within 10 degrees to the vertical. The vertical members of the Main Hoop must be at least 380mm apart at the location where the Main Hoop is attached to the Major Structure of the Frame. In the Front view of the vehicle. 6.4.3.2. Front Hoop The Front Hoop must be constructed of closed structure of steel as minimum tubing requirements. The use composite materials are prohibited. The Front Hoop Frame member must extend from one side of the Frame, to the down over and towards the lowest Frame member on the other side of the Frame. The top most surface of the Front Hoop should not be below the top of the steering wheel in any angular position. The front Hoop should be no more than 250 mm forward of the steering wheel when measured horizontally through the vehicle centre line. No part of the Front Hoop should be inclined at not more than 20 degrees in the side view. 6.4.3.3. Main Hoop General Requirements A straight line drawn from the top of the main hoop to the top of the front hoop must be clear by 50.8 mm of the helmet of the teams drivers and the helmet of a 95th  percentile male. When seated normally and restrained by the Drivers Restraint system. 95th Percentile Male Template Dimensions A two dimensional template used to represent the 95th percentile male is made to the following dimensions: A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the hips and buttocks. A circle of diameter 200 mm (7.87 inch) will represent the shoulder/cervical region. A circle of diameter 300 mm (11.81 inch) will represent the head (with helmet). A straight line measuring 490 mm (19.29 inch) will connect the centres of the two 200 mm circles. A straight line measuring 280 mm (11.02 inch) will connect the centres of the upper 200 mm circle and the 300 mm head circle. The 95th percentile male template will be positioned as follows: the seat will be Source: FSAE rules 2008. 6.4.4. Front Impact Structure The drivers feet are always with in the Major structure of the Frame. No part of the drivers feet should be above or outside the Frame in the side and front views, while touching the pedals. Forward of the Front bulk head must be energy- absorbing Attenuator. 6.4.4.1. Bulk Head The requirements of the Bulk head in a Front impact structure are: It should be constructed of closed section tubing.